Learn about the operation of step-up and step-down transformers as well as their related mathematical formulas and applications.
What’s the difference between step-up and step-down transformers?
The most important distinction between different types of transformers is whether they are “step-up” or “step-down.” The difference between step-up and step-down transformers is rudimentary - step-up transformers increase the voltage while step-down transformers decrease it.
There’s no shortage of practical applications for step-up and step-down transformers. By far the most common use is the conditioning of electric power for long-distance transmission. We express electric power as:
P= VI
In this formula, P is power, V is voltage, and I is current. The wires we use to transmit electricity over long distances lose energy. As a result, maximizing the voltage (and thus minimizing current) is integral to transporting electric power efficiently. For this reason, power supply stations do the following:
- First, they step-up the voltage significantly to minimize these energy losses.
- Then they step the voltage back down to levels usable at the point of the distribution.
Step-up vs. step-down transformers formulas
The difference in the function of step-up vs. step-down transformers is clear, but how do the devices themselves differ? In both cases, the devices function by electromagnetic induction between two windings. Step-up transformers have more turns on the secondary winding, than the step-down transformers. To calculate the voltage change, we can use the following formula for both step-up and step-down transformers:
In this formula, V is voltage, N is the number of turns, and the subscripts P and S refer to the primary and secondary windings, respectively. The voltage change ratio is thus equal to the ratio between the number of turns between the primary and secondary windings. As an example, a 10:1 step-up transformer requires ten times the turns on the secondary winding:
In this formula, we converted the voltage from 5V to 50V (step-up) in a transformer with ten turns on the primary winding, and 100 turns on the secondary winding.
Step-up and step-down transformer applications
Beyond their extensive use in the power distribution system, transformers are critical to a vast amount of electronics, whether consumer or homemade. Many consumer devices have a transformer built directly into the plug. These plugs step down the voltage from the supply grid to a level appropriate for the low-voltage circuits inside the device.
Similarly, when working on your projects, you may find the need to adjust voltages between components, known as logic levels shifting. “Logic levels” refers to the signal’s state:
- In binary, it’s whether the signal is in the “0” position or the “1” position.
- In digital electronics (for example an Arduino), logic levels can refer to two “on” states with different voltages rather than an “off” state and an “on” state.
Between various controllers, sensors, boards, and other devices, these high and low “on” states do not always correspond to the same voltage. Let’s use Arduino as an example. While it is usually acceptable to run lower-voltage signals (such as 3.3V) into higher-voltage devices (like 5V), going the other way can present problems. A 5V sensor sending a 5V signal into a 3.3V device, for instance, may damage the device. This damage occurs because the signal coming in will probably be greater than what the 3.3V pins are designed to accept. In this case, we’ll need voltage transformation to step down the voltage to an acceptable level. We can accomplish this with a logic levels shifter like this one.
Both step-up and step-down transformers use electromagnetic induction to convert voltage between two circuits. We use both types in the distribution of power from supply stations to the end user, as well as to ensure that the appropriate voltage goes into a circuit on many personal devices. A basic understanding of the workings of transformers allows you to calculate the effect of a transformer quickly.
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